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基于“毒—效整合分析思路”探讨有毒中药附子的物质基础

时间:2022-04-14 08:25:14 来源:网友投稿

摘要 中药的毒与效是客观存在的,尤其在药效显著的大毒中药中,毒和效既是矛盾的,又是统一的。毒与效的物质基础往往不是孤立的,而是相互影响和相互转化的。附子是著名的有毒中药,不仅药效显著,而且毒性明显,一直是研究热点。虽然目前已从附子中获得90余个化学成分,但附子起效和致毒的根本原因仍然有待进一步揭示。其问题的复杂性在于:附子的毒与效在不同条件下可以相互转化,例如附子既可以强心,也可以导致心脏毒性;既有镇痛效果,又会产生神经毒性。而且同一组分、成分在不同条件下,可能发挥完全不同的生物学效应。导致这种现象的原因包括剂量因素、模型因素、炮制因素、配伍因素、使用方法因素、代谢因素等。本文将结合课题组近年来对附子的研究结果以及文献报道,从附子化学成分、附子化学成分的药效和毒理、附子毒-效作用的转化方面进行毒-效整合分析,探讨附子的物质基础。

关键词 附子;物质基础;毒效整合分析;化学成分;毒-效转化

Abstract Chinese medicinal has both toxicity and efficacy, especially in extremely toxic drugs with potent efficacy. The toxicity and efficacy of Chinese medicinal are both contradictory and unified. The toxic and effective material basis often affect and transform to each other. Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata, a famous Chinese medicinal, not only has significant efficacy, but also extremely toxic. Thus, it has been a hotspot for research. Although more than 90 compounds have been isolated from Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata, the basic reason for its efficacy and toxicity still remains to be revealed. The complexity of the problem is that the toxicity and efficacy of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata can transform to each other under different conditions. For example, it has significant cardiotonic effect, while it can also cause cardiotoxicity. Similarly, it can release pain, but has neurotoxicity. Moreover, the same component may exert completely different biological effect due to the different dosage, model, processing method, compatibility of Chinese medicinals, and drug metabolism. Based on our research results and literatures of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata, this paper will discuss on the material basis of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata by “integrated analytical method of toxicity and efficacy”.

Key Words Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata; Material basis; Integrated analysis of toxicity and efficacy; Chemical components; Transformation between toxicity and efficacy

中圖分类号:R284.1文献标识码:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2017.11.005

附子为毛茛科乌头属植物乌头(Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.)子根的加工品,辛、甘,大热,有毒;具有回阳救逆,补火助阳,散寒止痛功效;用于亡阳虚脱,肢冷脉微,心、脾、肾阳不足,胸痹心痛,寒湿痹痛。附子作为回阳救逆第一要药,一直都是大家研究的热点。虽然毒性大,但疗效卓著,是临床常用的中药,历代本草和历版《中华人民共和国药典》都将其收录。附子中既存在药效成分,又存在毒性成分,但长期以来大家一致认可,附子的药效成分也是其毒性成分,而且它们随着成分转化、炮制加工、剂量变化、配伍使用会发生多种“毒—效”转化[1]。一般认为,附子中的双酯型二萜生物碱是附子毒性极强的特征性物质,可引起心脏急性毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性等[2-3],但现代研究也表明,它们在低浓度条件下又可以发挥药效。附子的不同炮制方法和煎煮方式均可以达到减毒增效的作用,双酯型生物碱迅速水解,单酯型和无酯型生物碱则逐渐增加。此外,剂量的变化、配伍使用均会使附子呈现出不同的生物学效应。本文将结合本课题组近年来对附子的研究结果以及文献报道,从附子化学成分、附子化学成分的药效和毒理、附子毒-效作用的转化方面进行整合分析,探讨附子的物质基础。

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