环境破坏等问题，使农业的基础变得更加脆弱。展望未来农业的发展，或许可以从历史上农业生物多样性中得到一些有益的启示，这就是以农业生物多样性来满足人口的需要，维护人类健康，应对自然灾害，提高资源的利用率，实行因土种植、因需种植，为农业的可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。为此，在保护传统生物资源的同时，我们要积极引进外来物种，丰富生物多样性。
[关键词]中国农业；生物多样性；可持续发展
[中图分类号]F124.5；F303.4；S181 [文献标识码]A [中图分类号]1674-6848（2011）05-0054-13
[作者简介]曾雄生（1962—），男，江西新干人，中国科学院自然科学史研究所研究员、博士生导师，主要从事中国农业史和农业文化的研究。（北京 100190）
Title: Agro-biodiversity and Sustainable Development of China’s Agriculture
Author: ZENG Xiong-sheng
Abstract: China’s agriculture has met many great challenges such as shortage of arable land, soil fertility decline, labor shortage, and many other natural and man-made disasters since ancient times. Apart from intensive cultivation, polyculture is one of the important ways to maintain agro-biodiversity and cope with various adverse factors to develop the agriculture in traditional China, which not only succeeded in expanding total area of farming land, improved land utilization and kept sustainable use of land, but it was also helpful for the control of natural disasters and regulation of the labor forces. Even if there had been some extent of a monoculture trend in history of China, it did not lead to serious problems. Only in the modern time, especially in the past three or four decades, with rapid population growth and rapid development of industrialization and globalization, polyculture has been replaced increasingly by monoculture under the pressure of the market economy. As a result, there is a structural shortage while the total output of grain production increases. The monoculture has increased the burden on farmers, and deteriorated soil and damaged environment have threatened the people’s health, and hence the foundation of today’s agriculture has become more vulnerable. To look ahead to the future of agriculture, the history of agro-biodiversity may give us some useful inspirations. The agro-biodiversity can be used to meet the needs of the population, maintain the human health, deal with natural disasters, improve the utilization of natural resources, perform cultivations with accordance of soil nature and human demands, and lay a solid foundation for sustainable agriculture. To this end, it is necessary for us to protect agro-biological resources, and at the same time, we also need to actively introduce alien species to eich biodiversity.
Key words: China’s agriculture; biodiversity; sustainable development
一、中国农业发展所面临的主要问题
中国是世界农业的起源地之一，拥有上万年的历史。中国农业取得了伟大的成就，养活了世界上最多的人口，同时哺育了灿烂的中华文化，也为世界文明作出了巨大的贡献。历史事实不可争辩地说明，这是一种可持续的农业。但中国农业的问题至今依然没有解决。靠什么吃饭？谁来养活中国？①一直就是个问题。毫无疑问，问题的关键在于耕地。直到今天，中国农业在很大程度上还没有摆脱自然的控制，靠天吃饭的命运也还没有改变，水土流失、地力下降、耕地面积减少更如雪上加霜，而人口增长、城市化进程加速，在挤占农田的同时，也给农业带来更大的压力。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。今天的农业实践是数千年经验的结晶，今天的农业所面临的问题在历史上都曾经不同程度地存在。在思考农业未来发展的同时，回头看看走过的路，或许可以得到某种启发。
推荐访问： 中国农业 可持续发展 生物多样性 农业
